Ilex opaca (American holly)

The American holly is a broadleaf evergreen tree that becomes grand in maturity, growing 20–30' tall. Each tree is either male or female. Creamy white flowers bloom in May on male and female trees; on female trees, those give way in Fall to bright red berries that persist through winter. The evergreen leaves are leathery with spiny margins. They remain on the tree for two to three years, finally falling in spring when pushed off by growing buds. It is best to plant this tree in moist, well-drained soils, in an area that is protected from cold winter winds and from hot afternoon sun. Leaves are frequently mined by larvae of the leaf-mining flies. Note: Holly berries are poisonous to dogs, cats, and humans.

The American holly is native to the eastern and south-central U.S., from coastal Massachusetts south to central Florida. It is typically an understory forest tree. Birds seek shelter from predators and storms in the tree's thick canopy. A wide variety of birds including thrushes, mockingbirds, catbirds, and thrashers, plus some mammals, eat the fruits. Host plant for various species of moths. On Maryland DNR's Recommended Tree List; also listed as deer-resistant.

Photo by Kathy Thornton

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